On November 26, 2008, ten Pakistan-based members of the Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorist group infiltrated Mumbai and launched nearly simultaneous attacks on five sites across the city. They paralyzed a metropolis of nearly eighteen million people for more than sixty hours. By the end of the siege, the attackers had killed 174 people and wounded hundreds more. In this episode, John Spencer is joined by retired Colonel Liam Collins to discuss their extensive research into the attacks. Drawing on a firsthand battlefield assessment conducted in Mumbai, including visits to every attack location, they examine how a small terrorist force exploited the density, complexity, and flows of a megacity to overwhelm local security forces and force a national-level response.
What incentives do armed actors have to operate in subterranean environments? What are some of the unique challenges that underground spaces pose to military...
Urban warfare is the hardest type of warfare any nation can ask their military to conduct. It is more difficult, more complex than any...
When Russian forces invaded Ukraine in February, one of their first targets was the city of Mariupol. The battle that followed is an epic...